OPEN Repository
Welcome to OPEN - the Repository of Open Scientific Publications, run by the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, University of Warsaw, previously operating as the CeON Repository. The Repository enables Polish researchers from all fields to openly share their articles, books, conference materials, reports, doctoral theses, and other scientific texts.
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22976 archived items
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Recent Submissions
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Searching for the origins of things. On the ‘ilm al-awā’il in the culture of the Arabic Middle Ages
(Katedra Arabistyki i Islamistyki, Uniwersytet Warszawski, 1996) Dziekan, Marek M.; Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies, Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Warsaw; Department of Middle East and North Africa Studies, University of Lodz
It is not certain, either, if knowledge of the origins was treated, in Arabic culture, as a separate branch of knowledge or as an element of history or adab literature. Works as Kitāb al-awā’il by Al-‘Askarī or Al-Wasā’il ilā ma‘rifat al-awā’il by Aṯ-Ṯa‘labī (X-XI centuries) can, on the one hand, be considered a proof of some independence of ma‘rifat al-awā’il in the Arabic literature; on the other hand, the sections on the “pioneers” most frequently appeared in historical context, which is the case of Kitāb al-ma‘ārif by Ibn Qutayba; later on, similarly Al-Qalqašandī took a similar route, which will be discussed further on.
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Alcohol and its Consumption in Medieval Cairo. The Story of a Habit
(Katedra Arabistyki i Islamistyki, Uniwersytet Warszawski, 2004) Lewicka, Paulina B.; Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies, Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Warsaw
Contrary to what the Islamic prohibition of intoxicants might imply, the alcoholic beverages in medieval Cairo were not universally scorned. The attitude towards drinking depended on the time in history and the social setting but, generally, neither the local population, nor the members of the foreign ruling elites, nor the multinational soldiery garrisoned within the city area, were avowed abstainers. Generally, different social groups drank different drinks. Particular preferences of the Mamluks notwithstanding, the city population enjoyed, above all, wine and beer, two basic kinds of alcohol drunk in the Mediterranean-Near Eastern world since remote antiquity. And, as in antiquity, but also as in Europe of the Middle Ages, the choice between them was a matter of social standing: grain beer, whose production was easier and cheaper, was generally the drink of the common people, while wine, more expensive due to its tricky fermentation and the demands of viticulture, was the beverage of the rich.
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Twelve Thousand Cooks and a Muḥtasib. Some Remarks od Food Business in Medieval Cairo
(Katedra Arabistyki i Islamistyki, Uniwersytet Warszawski, 2002) Lewicka, Paulina B.; Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies, Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Warsaw
The general aim of this article is to shed some light on the functioning of the industry that was to satisfy the medieval Cairenes’ alimentative needs. As most of the Western travelers who visited Cairo between XIII and XVI centuries observed, the city dwellers generally did not cook at home—they would rather use services offered by cooks in the city streets and bazaars. Indeed, since the majority of the city inhabitants did not have kitchens at their apartments, the easiest way for them—if not the only one—to get a warm meal was to buy ready-made food. Because of the constant and common demand, the offer of public kitchens was fairly rich and assorted enough to satisfy various tastes and meet various financial capabilities of the customers. The quantity of places where ready-made food was being sold night and day was shocking to foreign visitors: the number of street cooks in the city was said to reach ten, twelve, and even twenty thousand.
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The Dichotomy of Pirenne’s Theory on the Commercial Situation in the Mediterranean Regions during the Middle Ages
(Katedra Arabistyki i Islamistyki, Uniwersytet Warszawski, 1997) Nazmi, Ahmad; Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies, Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Warsaw; Uniwersytet Warszawski
Pre-Islamic history directly revolved around two main political and economical powers, namely the Byzantine Empire covering Europe, Africa, West Asia, and the Persian Empire in Asia. Since the beginning of the seventh and during the eighth centuries, the newly forming Muslim state became the inheritor of both these empires. From the Byzantine Empire, the Arabs gained their colonies in Asia, except Asia Minor; in the west they spread all of North Africa then expanded to Spain. It took them about a century to consolidate there, since they were the least adapted of all peoples to the building of an empire. Only occasionally Latin and Greek was replaced by the Arabic language in the main cities. New centres of urbanization were established in places which previously had started as military camps. The Arabs had always been builders. When their state took over the rule of a large tract of land, they founded many centres to control the land, rivers, routes and main strategic points. It is worth noting here that the Arabs used established numerous towns, mostly inland, but rarely far away from the sea coast; cf. for instance Al-Kūfa, Al-Fusṭāṭ or Al-Qayrawān. Many of these centres were located on lateral trade routes, which, in the course of time, became large, populous towns and gained great importance due to their location. It could be said that during that time commercial factors to a large extent motivated the foundation of many states and cities.
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When a shared meal is formalized. Observations on Arabic “table manners” manuals of the Middle Ages
(Katedra Arabistyki i Islamistyki, Uniwersytet Warszawski, 2003) Lewicka, Paulina B.; Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies, Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Warsaw
Generally, Arabic medieval texts related to the etiquette of eating are of two categories: one includes those written by authors of theological background, and the other includes secular texts, composed by men motivated by their literary passion and civility rather than Islamic education. Thus, “Arabic” texts were not always identical with “Islamic”. The terms “Arabic-Islamic” (to designate works written by religious scholars) and “Arabic/Islamic” (when both categories are referred to) used in the present essay, are meant to mark the difference. All the compendia of Arabic/Islamic table manners (with one exception) that are of significance for the present study are spread throughout volumes that belong to various genres of literary output. It is not possible to present all the authors or their works here, as the discussed texts are too numerous and too diversified: they were written at various times between X-XV centuries by authors of different geographical, social and professional proveniences. A short presentation is, however, indispensable.
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