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Etniczny konflikt o tożsamość a zmiana identyfikacji językowej Tybetańczyków w tybetańskim regionie autonomicznym

(Towarzystwo Doktorantów UJ, 2010) Kalandyk, Mariusz

Ethnic relations are considered to be confrontational by nature. When it comes to the particularistic interest bound to the development or the survival of ethnic groups, conflict can manifest itself as acts of violence or take the form of administrative and legal pressure. Among different categories of ethnic conflicts the most important one is the rivarly over the identity of a given group. The easiest way to observe the consequences of such a conflict is to trace the change of linguistic identity of ethnos. The sphere of language creates a kind of microenvironment that contains symbols which are used by the group. In this way language strongly influences the formation of identity, including national identity. Ethnic language contains symbolism that is easy to recall and understand and that is used as a medium by national ideology. In defining their own ethno-national affiliation the Tibetans typically emphasize the importance of lingual identity. However, the implementation of China‟s policy toward ethnic minorities causes the change in the language structure of the TAR. What is becoming more and more noticeable is the development of a double linguistic identity and an increasingly frequent use of the Chinese language for manifesting the sense of Tibetanness.

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Tybetańskie praktyki religijne jako czynnik mobilizacji ruchów społecznych o charakterze etnicznym w kontekście teorii działań zbiorowych

(Towarzystwo Doktorantów UJ, 2010) Kalandyk, Mariusz; Uniwersytet Jagielloński

Zdefiniowanie etniczności w kategoriach szczególnego rodzaju społecznego działania, ruchu społecznego, wymaga właściwego spojrzenia. Tym, co wyróżnia, a tym samym stanowi o specyfice teorii ruchów etnicznych, jest położenie wyraźniejszego akcentu na zewnętrzne działania grup etnicznych, jak również nacisk na ich racjonalny, instrumentalny i celowy charakter: „Nacisk jest tu położony na działanie jako istotę i podstawę identyfikacji etnicznej. Grupy etniczne są traktowane (…) jako grupy celowe, instrumentalne”.

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The Paradigms of Chinese Ethnic Politics

(Towarzystwo Doktorantów UJ, 2011) Kalandyk, Mariusz

The nature of the interethnic relationships is determined by the unwritten principle according to which they present themselves as a zero-sum operation, where the profit of one party will necessarily be associated with loss for the opposite side of the equation. This problem is the core of ethnopolitics and leads to studies on the relationship between ethnic and political systems. The theory of ethnopolitics was first laid out in the critical thought of Roland Breton. He wrote that it was necessitated by the need to “exorcise (...) a demon that was invented as ethnicity”. Study of ethnicity helped to explain the object of its interest, but only ethnopolitics enabled the development of diagnostic tools able to predict what the future will bring for the multicultural world. Those ethnic communities that are devoid of their own state institutions and function within the multi-ethnic state are forced to adopt a minority status, but the political reality of a minority is always defective, as relations between a minority and a majority are inherently asymmetrical. The state creates a legal and political order, but in a cultural sense its laws are discriminatory towards minorities. The political practice which the state applies to ethnic and national minorities is what is called ethnic politics.

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