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Welcome to OPEN - the Repository of Open Scientific Publications, run by the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, University of Warsaw, previously operating as the CeON Repository. The Repository enables Polish researchers from all fields to openly share their articles, books, conference materials, reports, doctoral theses, and other scientific texts.

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Political and legal percepcion of protocol no. 30 on the application of the EU charter
(University of Gdańsk, University of Oradea, Comenius University Bratislava, 2012-12) Chladekova, Michaela; Comenius University in Bratislava, Institute of European Studies and International Relations, Faculty of Social and Economic Science
The present article aims at introducing the circumstances surrounding the adoption of the Protocol on the application of the Charter of fundamental rights of the European Union to Poland and to the United Kingdom, at analysing the Protocol from the legal point of view and at assessing its impact on the level of human rights protection in the European Union. The author also refers to and extracts parts of the recent case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning the status of the Protocol and concludes by information on the current political climate that is partially the outcome of the Court's case law and the prevailing opinion of the academic community.
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Outline of Polish-German relation after II WW
(Comenius University Bratislava, University of Gdansk, University of Oradea, 2011-12) Moska, Owidiusz; University of Gdańsk, Institute of Geography
The main problem in the Polish - German was the political situation in Europe that resulted after World War II. Germany was divided into two separate states the Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic. FRG was in the zone of influence of the Western Allies and the GDR in the Soviet sphere of influence. Poland found itself in the same block as the GDR, which provided opportunities in the postwar years to talk only with the German state. The subject is interesting because the position of Polish and German Central Europe as the two eternally conflicting and often hate their neighbors throughout history has made the events and history of these countries, it is interesting and exciting. The twentieth century is a period in which relations and hatred reached its apogee. The purpose of this paper is to outline the magnitude of the problems of complex political, economic and social Polish and German.
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“A Green Island” or “A Never-Land”? Poles in the face of the contemporary economic crisis
(Comenius University Bratislava, University of Gdansk, University of Oradea, 2011-12) Modrzejewski, Arkadiusz; University of Gdańsk, Department of Political Science
In 2009 Poland was the only EU member state which recorded the increase in gross domestics product (GDP). In media reports and during the press conferences of the representatives of the Polish government the economic map of Europe was presented with red colour dominating - representing the decrease in GDP. Green colour, symbolising the increase, was only visible within the borders of Poland. Therefore, Poland was declared “a green island”. Some economic commentators emphasised either great internal market or weakening zloty which favoured the export of Polish goods and services as an increase drive. The Prime Minister and the ministers indicated their own merits convincing the citizens that the increase in GDP in Poland is to a great extent thanks to an effective government policy. Some, especially during discussions which were far from economic realties, emphasised the importance of the EU funds which have been stimulating Polish growth. In fact, these funds cannot influence the reverse of negative trends in the Polish economy. Their size in an annual perspective equals 3% of Polish GDP. Economic and political analyses seldom indicate, perhaps only indirectly, the cultural phenomenon, which discloses only after sociological surveys. Although the Polish economy has recorded some growth, despite a slight growth, the crisis has also affected Poland and Poles still feel its effects (weakening zloty, unemployment increase, cessation of the dynamics of salary increase, decrease in the value of the investment funds units and company shares). As the crisis in Poland has assumed a light form, does Poland deserve being called “a green island” or perhaps “a never-land” where the optimistic economic data are rather apparent? In this article I will try to show the attitudes of Poles towards the global economic crisis as well as interpret this state. The basic reference consists of the results of the opinion polls.
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The problems of spatial development of Polish seaside resorts
(Costal Education and Research Foundation, Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue 64, 2011) Awedyk, Matylda; Staszewska, Sylwia; University School of Physical Education in Poznań, Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities
In order to understand the transformation processes which take place in settlement units located in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea, the following should be taken into account, namely, the reasons for shaping urban space, as well as the tendencies and trends in urban spatial development. At present, the areas where the greatest transformations occur are: the city center, the industrial areas, the communication systems, the outskirts and areas of a typical, agricultural style. Services are fragmented and it is prohibited to locate modern large-sized shopping centers. At the same time, there is dynamic population growth which is connected with the formation of numerous estates of multi-family houses. Therefore, the factors which occur in one area cause changes in another. These include, among other things: migration, governance and policy carried out by district authorities, the applicable law (often diverse and contradictory), and urban planning trends and doctrines as well as other development factors. The present study is an attempt to classify and organize the factors affecting the changes in rural settlement units located in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea. These factors have been divided into 4 categories: spatial factors, demographic and social factors, legal and administrative factors, as well as economic factors. Within each of these categories the factors have been further divided into endogenous and exogenous. The paper discusses the barriers which inhibit and sometimes prevent the analyzed settlement units from undergoing transformations. These include: demographic and social barriers, infrastructural barriers, natural barriers (due to the features of the natural environment), legal barriers, economic barriers, financial barriers, administrative barriers and spatial barriers.
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Factors influencing global tourism space of Polish tourists: age and gender
(Konstantinos Andriotis, International Association for Tourism Policy, 2011) Awedyk, Matylda; Kasprzak, Krzysztof; University School of Physical Education in Poznań
After the political transformation in Poland new opportunities for discovering the world have been opened to Polish citizens. Regions unavailable before 1989 are now a new geographic and cultural space to explore for Polish tourists and are the goal of outbound sightseeing tourism. Trips to the farthest places on the earth organized by travel agencies have a large number of participant despite very high prices. Information about Polish tourists activity in outbound sightseeing tourism were obtained through data analysis from sales leader in Polish tourism market. Each time the source of information was a civil-law contract for the provision of tourism services signed between the tour operator and the client. Obtained data lead to conclusions not only about tourist destinations and its seasonality but also on the impact of social and demographic factors on destinations of travel, length thereof and seasonality of trips chosen by tourists. Results of studies showed significant changes in outbound sightseeing tourism trends in Poland since 90’s of XX century. Still the biggest group of the tourists taking part in exotic tourism are wealthy citizens of the age of over 40 years, however, with participation of younger tourists increasing. Also, older tourists who used to choose destinations with well organized tourist infrastructure and stable political are more and more willing to visit places where standard of travel remains still quite low. According to forecasts exotic tourism destinations of Polish citizens will change together with actual trends and intensity of influence of exogenous and endogenous factors. It is assumed that global character of tourist space will have the same attributes for Poles as it has for every tourist traveling around the world – it will be available.

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Subject: Poland License: Uznanie autorstwa 3.0 Polska Start date: 2010 End date: 2012
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