OPEN Repository
Welcome to OPEN - the Repository of Open Scientific Publications, run by the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, University of Warsaw, previously operating as the CeON Repository. The Repository enables Polish researchers from all fields to openly share their articles, books, conference materials, reports, doctoral theses, and other scientific texts.
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23303 archived items
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Recent Submissions
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Formalne i nieformalne zabezpieczenie emerytalne – postawy i oczekiwania Polaków wobec zmian demograficznych, społecznych i ekonomicznych. Kontekst europejski
(Biuro Analiz Sejmowych, 2022-12) Pieńkowska-Kamieniecka, Sylwia; Damian, Walczak; Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie; Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
The aim of the article is to discuss the importance of formal and informal sources of retirement security of Poles in the face of current economic, social and demographic changes. Formal sources are understood as the institutional pension security (regulated by law), while the informal source will be primarily considered to be family support (the so-called natural pension security). Following the introduction, the first section shows demographic trends in Poland and refers to pension security from the public pension system. The second section presents data sources and research methods used in the article. The third section shows the results of research on planned protection in old age. The fourth part discusses and concludes the results of the study. The research shows that not many Poles save for old age, counting on the support of the state and children.
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Zbieg tytułów w ubezpieczeniach emerytalnym i rentowych. Między ochroną a elastycznością
(Biuro Analiz Sejmowych, 2022-12) Krajewski, Marcin; Uniwersytet Łódzki
The article presents the rules of overlapping of titles in pension and disability insurances in Poland. The Act on the social insurance system unified the rules for being subject to social insurance. The system was based on two pillars, providing the insured with at least a minimum level of benefits and flexible rules for being subject to social insurances. Numerous amendments to the regulations introduced after 1999 made this system complex and susceptible to optimisation. The author suggests that the rules of being subject to pension and disability insurance should be simplified. He proposes to divide the insured into four categories: employed, self-employed, insured persons whose contributions are financed from the state budget and persons subject to voluntary pension and disability social insurances.
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Ekonomia behawioralna w polskim systemie emerytalnym
(Biuro Analiz Sejmowych, 2022-12) Kawiński, Marcin; Sieczkowski, Wojciech; Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie; Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa w Warszawie
The article explores behavioural aspects of pension schemes. It begins with fundamental changes in social security schemes, described as financialisation, marketisation and privatisation. These processes provided background for the development of behavioural mechanisms. However, in practise, behavioural economics is usually narrowed to the patterns which are most frequently used and which are believed to be effective. The goal of the article is to check this effectiveness. A detailed analysis of different pension schemes shows that this effectiveness differs significantly and cannot be considered as a default feature. The authors argue that certain behavioural mechanisms have already been used in the Polish pension scheme, and the effectiveness analysis shows that effectiveness depends on the framework of the decision-making process.
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Opodatkowanie emerytur w Polsce na tle rozwiązań w państwach Unii Europejskiej
(Biuro Analiz Sejmowych, 2022-12) Kluzek, Marta; Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
As a result of the ageing of the population of European countries, an increasing percentage of people achieve income in the form of pensions. The aim of the article is to present the principles of taxation of pensions in Poland and to compare them with the countries of the European Union as well as to show the impact of tax solutions on the finances of retirees’ households. To achieve the goal, the method of analysing the literature on the subject, legal acts and statistical data was mainly used. The tax solutions adopted in Poland do not constitute a sufficient incentive to participate in voluntary pension programmes, and taxation of pensions does not differ significantly from taxation of other sources of income. Pension systems in the EU vary, as do the tax rules applicable in this area. This differentiation, with possible mobility of people, means that, on the one hand, retirees may try to optimise taxation internationally, but on the other hand, they are exposed to great uncertainty as to the applicable rules for taxing their pensions in the future.
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Przyczyny deficytowości powszechnego systemu emerytalnego w Polsce
(Biuro Analiz Sejmowych, 2022-12) Malinowska-Misiąg, Elżbieta; Misiąg, Wojciech; Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie; Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania w Rzeszowie
The aim of the article is to analyse the causes of the deficit of the Social Insurance Fund (SIF), namely the fund which forms the financial basis of the universal pension system. The article first discusses the factors influencing the financial stability of the SIF and the principles of the universal pension system along with the changes introduced after 1999. Next, the financial analysis of the SIF in 1999–2021 and the financial forecasts for the coming years are provided. It was noted that the actual picture of the SIF’s finances is distorted by large-scale off-budget operations. The article concludes with the statement that although the deficit of the universal pension system is largely due to the assumptions implemented in 1999, later decisions often led to a deterioration of the financial stability of the system.
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