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(Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2019) Marcysiak, Tomasz; Uniwersytet WSB Merito w Toruniu

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Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka wobec konfliktu zbrojnego – główne wnioski z orzeczenia w sprawie Gruzja przeciwko Rosji (II)

(Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2022) Czachor, Rafał; Krakowska Akademia im. A. Frycza Modrzewskiego

In January 2021 the European Court of Human Rights issued a judgment in the case Georgia v. Russia (II) that pertains to the mass violations of human rights committed by the Russian Federation during the so-called five day war that was fought in August 2008. This in an important case, worth to be studied with scrutiny because of at least two reasons. Firstly, in this case, the ECoHR avoided deciding what is the relationship between the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and the international humanitarian law, defining the active phase of the Georgian-Russian conflict as a “context of chaos”. Such an approach is new in the ECoHR case law and its future consequences should be particularly studied. Secondly, the ECoHR has undertaken already well-known issue of extraterritorial jurisdiction, ordering Russia’s responsibility for the actions of South Ossetian government (an unrecognized entity, separatist province of Georgia). Finally, this case seems to be important in the context of possible future developments in other European hot spots, like Northern Cyprus, and Nagorno-Karabakh.

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Islamist Strategies in the Context of “Bottom-Up Islamization” in Selected Middle East Countries

(Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2020) Zasuń, Anna; Uniwersytet Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczy im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie

The paper discusses the models of “bottom-up Islamization” observed since 1990s, represented by Islamist formations that are in opposition to political power. Islamism influenced the internal policy of selected countries but also was changed under its influence. The author analyzes the political involvement of Islamists and the methods by which they tried to join the political sphere. She also hypothesizes that the nature of “bottom-up Islamization” depends on the specificity of the country, on the strength of Islamist formations, flexibility of policy, often resulting in a modification or even a profound change in strategy. The historical approach adopted in the paper makes it possible to show the variability of Islamist strategies in the context of the socio-political changes of the region in the mid-20th and 21st centuries. However, a comparative analysis of various Islamist formations and selected Middle Eastern countries, taking into account various forms of state relation to reli- gion, justifies the contextual assumption on the nature of “bottom-up Islamization” and its changeability over time.

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Wasatiyyah, a Vision of Islamic Modernism

(Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2022) Zasuń, Anna; Uniwersytet Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczy im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie

Wasatiyyah of Yusuf al-Qaradawi is referred to as Islamic modernism and is one of the most interesting and, at the same time, controversial threads of contemporary political Islamic thought. It is part of the processes of renewal and reforms in Islam, which have been taking place since the mid-nineteenth century, shaped by thinkers of Muslim reformism and modernism, and at the same time, it ranks next to trends such as Salafism, with which it is compared. The article aims to identify the key features of the wasati Islam as a contemporary form of Islamic modernism that offers original solutions to the dilemma of modernity faced by the Islamic world several decades ago. Capturing the ideas of historical Islamic reformers and presenting them in a new interpretation, as well as contemporary problems of the Muslim ummah in a typically Islamic framework, constitute the originality of the wasatiyyah. The analysis of its selected aspects , the grasping of its constitutive features, or a comparative approach to categories such as Salafism, including the recapitulation of the criticism it encounters, will allow to embed it in today's discourse on the dilemmas of Islam in the modern world, and will also make it possible to indicate its unique character. Wasatiyyah meets with contradictory opinions from supporters of secularism, liberal Muslims on the one hand, and radical Muslims on the other. This is undoubtedly due to its nature, as it is neither clearly progressive nor quite related to tradition, constituting a kind of evolving compromise, a response to changing contexts. Because of the few Polish-language mentions devoted to the figure of Al-Qaradawi and Wasatiyyah, the subject of the article may constitute a significant contribution to the contemporary discussion on Islamic modernism.

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Futōkō (absencja szkolna) w szkołach japońskich – specyfika, uwarunkowania i potencjalne skutki

(Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2018) Kalita, Karolina; Uniwersytet Wrocławski

This article aims to introduce the reader to the “Futōkō” (school non-attendance) problem in Japan. On the following pages of it I will present a definition of this problem, then I will briefly discuss selected fragments of the statistical surveys, that will help me to illustrate its scale and select age categories in which Japanese students are particularly vulnerable to it, finally I will discuss its specificity and mention some possible factors, that may cause, it as well as its potential effects.

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