Influence of whey protein and creatine supplementation on liver and kidney function

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dc.contributor.authorBarani, Sabah Subhi Ismael
dc.contributor.authorMahmood, Atyaf Talal
dc.contributor.authorKamal, Islam Khalid
dc.contributor.organizationDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Iraq
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-16T06:48:31Z
dc.date.available2026-07-16T06:48:31Z
dc.date.issued2026-04-14
dc.date.submitted2026-07-14T12:57:53Zen
dc.description.abstractBackground: Due to their availability and purported benefits for muscle growth and athletic performance, the use of whey protein and creatine supplements is widespread among recreational and amateur athletes. Material and methods: 600 gym-goers (24-52 years of age) were divided into 3 groups based on their dietary supplement use: none (group A), moderate amounts (group B) and high doses (group C). Biochemical analysis of kidney and liver function was performed. Results: High-dose supplementation significantly increased serum creatinine, serum urea and liver enzymes (AST, ALT) and bilirubin levels compared with the control and medium-dose groups. Group C showed the highest creatinine (1.33 ± 0.216 mg/dL) and serum urea (55.31 ± 6.49 mg/dL), suggesting a possible association with renal function biomarkers. Similarly, AST and ALT levels were significantly increased in supplement users (particularly in group C), suggesting increased transient variations in hepatic enzyme activity. Conclusions: Our findings highlight a dose-dependent effect of whey protein and creatine supplementation on liver and kidney function, and emphasize the importance of responsible dietary supplement use and periodic monitoring of biochemical markers.en
dc.identifier.citationBarani S, Mahmood A, Kamal I. Influence of whey protein and creatine supplementation on liver and kidney function. Eur J Transl Clin Med. 2026;9(1):66-72
dc.identifier.doi10.31373/ejtcm/219510
dc.identifier.issn2657-3156
dc.identifier.urihttps://open.icm.edu.pl/handle/123456789/26890
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherGdański Uniwersytet Medyczny
dc.relation.ispartofseries1
dc.rightsUznanie autorstwa-Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Międzynarodoween
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
dc.sourceEuropean Journal of Translational and Clinical Medicine
dc.subjectliver enzymeen
dc.subjectkidney functionen
dc.subjectwhey proteinen
dc.subjectcreatine supplementen
dc.subjectgym-goersen
dc.titleInfluence of whey protein and creatine supplementation on liver and kidney functionen
dc.typearticle
dc.type.versionpublishedVersion
person.identifier.orcidBarani, Sabah Subhi Ismael [0009-0004-0630-1960]
person.identifier.orcidMahmood, Atyaf Talal [0009-0006-9515-8389]
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